hello :)) going to start from unit 7. sorry for the lack of pictures. :((

Different states of matter

- solid
- liquid
- gas


okay. I shall first start with solid.

Properties of solid
- fixed shape and volume
- normally hard and rigid
- large force is needed to change its shape
- high density
- incompressible

No. that’s not all. There is a reason for everything

The solid has high density due to the arrangement of particles.
As u can see from the above figure, it shows that the particle are neatly packed together, in a regular pattern, occupying minimum space.

Also, the solid has fixed shape and volume due to its movement of particles
The particles vibrate about fixed position only as they are held in position by very strong molecular bonds.

Coming up next. Liquid.

Properties of liquid
- fixed volume but not fixed shape
- relatively high density
- incompressible

arrangement of particles
Particles are arranged randomly with the particles slightly further apart which results in liquids having relatively high densities

Movement of particles
The particles moved freely but confined within the vessel. Also, the particles have attraction forces between particles. As a result, liquids have fixed volumes but the shape depends on the vessels containing them.

Lastly. Gas

Properties of gas
- no fixed volume or shape
- low density
- compressible

arrangement of particles
particles are far apart and randomly arranged and will occupy any available space. Which result in gases having low densities.

movement of particles
the particles have very little attraction between them and move about randomly at high speeds. As a result, gases have no fixed shape or volume and they are compressible.

Brownian motion.

- random or irregular motion of smoke particles in air
- Brownian motion only occurs in substance that has the ability to flow or has particles that can move freely (example: gas, liquid)

At higher temperature, a large amount of thermal energy is converted to kinetic energy of the air molecules, hence, the motion of smoke particles will become more vigorous and agitated as the air molecules are bombarding the smoke particles more vigorously and frequently. Therefore, higher temperature cause the air molecules to move in greater speeds.